The Switch

The US broadcast system was scheduled to switch over to solely digital transmission on February 17th, 2009. As of March 2007, every TV sold in the US has had to be compatible with the new system.  Many TVs sold before that were compatible with the new system, but many TVs currently in use will not work with the new system. Older TVs require a box to convert the new digital signal back into the old analog signal.

The Delay

This isn’t the first time that the US has delayed the implementation of their DTV transition. It was originally planned for years ago. Once again the date for the transition has been put off. Millions of US households have older TVs, but haven’t taken advantage of coupons to help them buy the equipment they need to be able to watch the new TV signals on an older TV. That’s the reason given for the delay – there are still too many who haven’t gotten ready, about five percent. Really, though, a small percentage of people will not do anything about this problem until they absolutely have to. Procrastination is just too popular. The moment people realize they can’t watch TV anymore, there will be a run on the stores.

Is it Political?

There may be a political aspect to the delay. There will be lots of people who won’t do what it takes to get ready, and then be furious that ‘no one told them’ this change was coming. Millions of Americans unable to watch TV a month into his presidency would be a negative hit for the new President’s popularity, despite the fact that he really wasn’t central to the transition. One of the joys of being a politician is taking responsbility for the way things are the moment the term begins, despite the fact he or she likely didn’t cause the situation. Putting this transition off by a few months means that a large mess is delayed, and will not fall right at the beginning of the new President’s mandate. The opposing party is resisting the delay, because they know it’s going to be a mess and they would love to see it land on the president’s desk right away. Anything that happens at the very beginning of an administration is naturally going to linger in the public’s perception. Good news is good. Bad news is bad. Vice versa if you’re the opposition.

The US is not the first country to make the change to broadcast only digital television and will not be the last. It is probably the country in which television has been woven most deeply into the cultural fabric of the nation. The impact of the switch will be felt more deeply in the US than anywhere else, and the impact will be messy.

Why is there an ‘i’ or a ‘p’ on my resolution? That letter at the end of the number refers to whether a television signal is ‘interlaced’ or ‘progressive’. To give a full explanation, I’m going to give you some history. If you’re not interested in the history lesson, all you need to know is that interlaced is lower quality, because it only displays half the screen at a time (odd lines, even lines, odd, even, etc). Progressive does a full screen every time.

Where’s My Ray Gun?

When TVs first came out, they used something called a Cathode Ray Gun to paint dots of light on a glass screen. If you think about an ink-jet printer, it worked something like that but with dots of light shot from inside the TV onto the back of the screen, not drops of ink on a page. That’s why we still call an old style television a ‘CRT’ which stands for Cathode Ray Tube.

There were a lot of challenges for engineers designing the first TV sets to overcome. One of those was that the guns they first built were a little slow. Painting a full screen of dots, the gun had to move really, really fast. It was hard to build guns that would hold up to that kind of speed over a long life span. So, to make it easier on the guns, instead of painting a full screen 60 times per second, they painted two half-screens thirty times each, alternating between the odd lines and the even lines. This meant that the gun didn’t have to move nearly as fast, and they could build more reliable sets with decent picture quality.

Imagine if your inkjet printer worked like that. What if it just painted the odd lines, and then rewound it back to the beginning and printed all the even lines the second time through? It wouldn’t be able to match all those lines up perfectly on the second pass, and you’d get spots where two dots that were supposed to be side by side would be on top of one another or too far apart, resulting in a jagged image. Same with TV. Interlaced images are often jagged. They’re aren’t as clear.

Lacking Upgrade Mobility

It worked, and it was good enough, but the problem is, once you standardize on something, it can be hard to change. Eventually they could build reliable screens that could handle progressive images, but if they switched all the broadcast, cable, and satellite systems to a progressive image, it would mean that all the older televisions would no longer work. If they changed the system, people who just bought a new TV the year before, expecting it to last for 15-20 years would be understandably upset.

The solution, of course, was to build a new televisions that could play both interlaced and progressive signals, and that’s what happened. The first time that people were able to actually get commercial content that was progressive was with DVD players. When DVD players first came out, there were interlaced and progressive models. Today, virtually every DVD player sold will display a progressive signal.

So, old Standard Definition television comes in two flavours, interlaced 480i and progressive 480p. The new higher definition standard 720p does not come in an interlaced variety. The highest level of resolution, 1080, does come in both 1080i and 1080p. This is somewhat confusing, I know.

The reason why 1080 comes in both flavours is that a true 1080p signal is a LOT of information. Broadcast systems and even the cables which run between your TV and other devices simply weren’t able to handle a true HD signal. That’s why all HD broadcasts are still at the time of this writing either 720p or 1080i, not 1080p. The infrastructure to deliver that much information isn’t in place yet and won’t be until TV broadcasters switch to an entirely new system which can handle the new requirements.

The DTV Transition

When that happens, old TVs built before the new standards were in place (March 2007) will stop functioning without a special device to convert the new type of signal into the old type of signal. As of March 2009, anyone in the US who wants to watch TV will need a converter box. In Canada, the transition to all digital isn’t scheduled to happen until 2011. Some countries have already made the transition, and others are on track. You can check your country’s progress on the Wikipedia Digital Television Transition page.

The US first tried to mandate a switch over to all digital years ago, but abandoned the attempt when it became clear what a mess it would be, and extended the deadline several times. The North American television system is complex and involves a lot of different companies working together. I don’t know how things will all work out, but I have two expectations:

1. It’s going to be messy. The system is too big and there are too many cooks in the kitchen for a smooth transition.
2. It’s going to get fixed before too long. There is just too much money at stake for the big companies that run TV to let chaos reign for an extended period of time. The US government has required the change. While big TV companies may have been too lazy to get all the work done in advance (let’s hope I’m being pessimistic), as soon as they start losing money, expeditious action will surely be taken.

LCD

LCD screens are brighter than plasmas, are lighter, use less power and come in a wider range of sizes. LCDs generally start at about 19” in size and go up from there, with new models in ever-larger sizes coming out all the time.

LCDs are best for well-lit areas, like a living room with big bay windows. If the TV will be competing with direct sunlight or bright lighting, then LCD is probably the right choice. Because they are lighter, LCDs are easier to mount. LCDs come in smaller sizes, making them your only option if you want or need a smaller screen.

LCDs can have problems with ghosting, when an image doesn’t fade quickly enough off the screen. This results in fragments of an image that should no longer be on-screen being superimposed on what should be there, or a ‘ghost image’. It looks like a double-image or smeared image. Better LCDs are able to provide crisper images. The ability of an LCD to quickly release an image is measured in milliseconds and is referred to as the ‘Response Time’. A very good response time is 5 MS or below. Some computer monitors are rated as low as 2 MS, but most TVs have trouble getting below 5. 5-8 MS response time is acceptable, but anything above 8 may cause problems.

Here’s a simple test for how well a TV responds: watch a football game. Wait until the ball is kicked or passed and the camera moves quickly to follow the play. Look at the grass. The slower the response time, the more the grass will blur into a green mass and the longer the image will take to resolve once the camera stops moving.

The best type of television to watch on an LCD is anything shot in a studio. Talk shows, sitcoms and news programs are shot in controlled environments, with careful camera work. LCDs are going to show this type of programming best because the images will be optimized for a bright, clear display without any subtleties or surprises.

Plasma

Plasma screens are able to display dark, subtle scenes with more finesse and detail. They are more responsive, resulting in a clearer image. Plasmas aren’t available in smaller sizes. They are expensive to make, but the price gets more competitive the larger the screen due to economies of scale. Plasmas generally start at 40” and newer larger models come out all the time.

Because of the fact that LCDs and Plasmas are both available starting at 40”, that’s where the sweet spot in the pricing at the time of this writing for both types of screen. Go below 40” and you won’t save much money. Go above 42”, and you’ll see a significant price jump. It’s also the point where the highest available resolution screens begin to appear, so 40” screens are very competitive and where you see the best deals at the start of 2009.

Plasmas are better for watching movies and sports. This is because these images are difficult to display clearly, and the responsiveness and subtlety of a Plasma screen becomes apparent. Movies are often dark, and plasmas are better able to display really dark images. When Frodo is walking through Mordor, or a soldier is sneaking through foliage at night, a good TV will present that dark image as dark, but clear. LCDs aren’t as good at that, and will make the night look grey because everything is too bright, or else you will see forest, but no soldier because the fine details are indistinguishable. If you get frustrated because you can’t see what’s happening on the screen during a night scene, it’s because your television isn’t capable of producing a subtle enough image.

TVs compete with other sources of light. A good TV showing a dark image in a dark room will show up well, but the same TV showing the same image in a brightly lit room will be hard to see. Plasmas aren’t as bright as LCDs, and while Plasmas shine in the darkness, they can be overwhelmed by sunlight.

DLP-Projection

While not as common as LCD or Plasma, Digital Light Projection TVs are Rear-Projecting televisions. They have a projector mounted behind the screen. This means they are much thicker than Flat-Panel displays, but not nearly the depth of old CRT screens. They are very dim compared to both LCD and Plasma, but tend to come in larger sizes. If you can turn out all the lights and you want massive size, DLP may be the way to go. The newest units come with displays powered by LED lighting systems (light emitting diode) instead of regular light bulbs. LEDs will not dim over time or run the risk of burning out the way a bulb does.

Projector

A data projector, like you might use for a PowerPoint presentation, can also display video, although they usually do not include TV tuners. Resolution beyond 720 is still very expensive, but nothing beats filling an entire wall with an image from a projector for a large gathering. If you can turn out the lights and have a good screen or wall available, nothing beats the ‘price to screen size’ ratio of a projector.

The Questions to ask:

1. How much light is there where I want to place this TV?
2. How big do I need the screen to be? Can I afford the size of screen I want?
3. What kind of television will I be watching? News? Talk Shows? Sitcoms? Movies? Sports?

Some Tips:

1. The perfect spot for a Plasma is in a basement, where there are no large windows and the light is easily controlled
2. LCD is better in brighter areas, if it needs to be wall-mounted or if power consumption is an issue
3. If you can turn out the lights entirely and it needs to be huge, consider DLP
4. If you can turn out the lights entirely and it needs to be gigantic, consider a projector